Reasons Behind Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy

Reasons Behind Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy Undoubtedly, the complexity and unpredictability of the external environment-market forces/stakeholders influenced the way and manner Lehmans CEO, Mr Richard Fuld behaved. He involved himself and his organization into unethical practices due to so many expectations on them. The market competition was getting very fierce, so he had to bend the rules in order to keep his organization profitable. Market complacency, weak financial regulations, lack of transparency and poor internal financial control policy led to the demise of Lehman Brothers. Mr Fuld adopted the omnipotent view of management but told the U.S House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that the collapse of his firm was totally out of his control-i.e. symbolic approach. This indicated a weak moral culture/development at the preconditional level. His ethical inclination indicated a utilitarian approach which involves decision making based on favorable anticipated outcomes. Clearly, the fall of Lehman Brothers was a preventable man-made disaster. He enshrined a very poor risk management culture in the organization by offering highly leveraged Mortgage Backed Securities. Even if Mr. Fuld felt the economic tides were beyond his control as he proclaims, he should have at least sold the company early enough the way Merrill Lynchs CEO smartly did. But his ego as well as poor management insight took a better part of him. Lehman never engaged in real Corporate Social Responsibility, rather what they did was philanthropy with ulterior motives in mind. They never issued a CSR report of any kind depicting lack of transparency and accountability. There is no denying the hard and bitter truth that we are experiencing a global financial recession with many a nation counting their losses. We are in fact going through possibly the worst global credit crisis since the Great Depression. Given that the world is flatter and with advancing technology, global financial markets are now integrated thus making an otherwise national financial market a global phenomenon. By a simple click of a button, billions of dollars can seamlessly traverse national boundaries at the speed of light. Sadly, this global financial meltdown originated in USA due to the widespread subprime mortgage defaults, economic recession is affecting all the major players of world economy. By September 2008, the credit crunch, which started around 2006, had alarmingly ballooned into Wall Streets biggest crisis since the Great Depression as hundreds of billions in mortgage-related investments went sour; mighty investment banks that once ruled high finance firmament crashed. In the midst of this conundrum, accusing fingers are been pointed at different quarters; some blame the regulatory authorities over complacency and blind-faith, while some blame the private and investment banks over greed, poor corporate governance/practises and investment decisions. The worst hit directly were the insurance companies, investment banks, Hedge Fund operators, Large Mortgage Lenders such as Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Bear Stearns, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac etc. The United States government has been battling to starve off what has surely snowballed into a global economic recession by acquiring national mortgage giants: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, AIG as well as midwiving Bear Stearns Cos Incs sale to JPMorgan Chase. Bank of America took over Merrill Lynch. While these bailouts were going-on, a blind eye was turned on the struggling fourth largest investment giant- Lehman Brothers. Consequently, the Lehman brothers filed for bankruptcy on September 15, 2008 as a result of the Fed refusing to bailout them out or at least backstop their toxic assets. 1.1 CASE ISSUES The case issues discussed are: The Internal and External Environment We shall evaluate how these environments interacted with Lehman Brothers. Managerial Ethics Reactions are bound to be elicited as organizations continue to interact with their environments. Hence we shall attempt to assess how Lehman Brothers behaved and reacted in accordance with ethical theories and standards. Corporate Social Responsibility Lehman Brothers Social Responsibilities as well as their attendant consequences shall be evaluated. PART A 2.0 THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF LEHMAN BROTHERS 2.1 The External Environment: Organizations do not operate in a vacuum because they derive their ultimate existence from the environment. Environmental factors whether specific or broad-based, influences an organizations strategy for survival and profitability. Lehmans external environment consists of its stakeholders such as Mortgage financiers, Hedge Funds, Pension Funds, Government Regulators, Commercial Banks, Investors, Credit Rating Agencies, employees, Home Owners, Small and Large companies, etc. See figure below for a schematic diagram of Lehmans overall environment. Figure 1 GLOBAL ECONOMICS DEMOGRAPHICS POLITICAL/ LEGAL TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL Suppliers Pressure Groups LEHMAN BROTHERS Customers Competitors How uncertain and complex is Lehman Brothers environment? Below is the Uncertainty matrix used to evaluate how the external environment affected Lehman Brothers. Figure 2 ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY MATRIX Source: Robbins, Bergman, Coulter, Management 4e, 2006, Pearson Education, Australia Due to the type and nature of business, Lehman Brothers falls within the cell block 4: which connotes a dynamic and unpredictable environment characterised with many components and a high need for knowledge. Hence, Lehman stands the chance of been influenced by the external environment which may reduce the influence of its managerial decisions and interventions. Lehman Brothers broader environment as it affected their activities, behaviour and outcomes are discussed under the following sub-headings using the Political/Legal, Economical, Socio-cultural and Technological changes, PEST analysis: Political/Legal: Lehman Brothers which was formed some 158 years ago was initially involved in assisting large corporate firms such as Sears, Roebuck and F.W. Woolworth, etc raise capital to expand their businesses. During the 1930s, the Lehman Brothers diversified into strictly Securities business when the U. S government forced all financial institutions to choose between commercial banking and Securities. Lehmans portfolio deepened following the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999, during the Clinton administration. The act prohibited banks from investing on Wall Street, thus shielding consumers from riskier transactions. Once that protection was abolished, Lehman was able to gamble; and it became among the largest issuers of Mortgage-Backed Securities making its share price to climb from its 1994 price of $5 to $86 in 2007. As a result of Lehmans desperate attempts to compete fiercely with its core rival, Morgan Stanley for market share, it employed several under-arm tactics that exposed it to several bitter brushes with the law amounting to multiple litigations (See appendix 1). This further hurt its corporate image by brewing fear, panic, distrust amongst its stakeholders resulting in it been abandoned during its time of need. Lehman would have been saved just as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Bear Stearns and AIG under the current political climate, but there were outstanding issues involved e.g. the Federal Reserve picked out big holes created by the toxic assets in Lehmans balance sheet coupled with their refusal to come out clean to the public. Instead, Treasury and Federal Reserve bosses, Messrs Henry Paulson and Ben Bernanke respectively, preferred to save others because they felt that allowing these (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Bear Stearns and AIG) to fail would have resulted in a cataclysmic cascade of events that will consume not only in the U. S economy but the Worlds. Moreover, Mr Paulson never believed it was right to use taxpayers money to save Lehman. Whether this was a right decision remains to be seen as the Lehmans bankruptcy has inevitably crippled global financial markets worldwide. Economic: The Macro and Micro-economic environment which Lehman Brothers operated played a vital role in its demise. Indeed, what basically happened to Lehman was typically a simple economic case of supply outstripping demand. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Fed greatly lowered interest rates in other to stimulate economic growth and prevent deep recession. Expectedly, the largest Wall Street firms began reacting to this Federal Reserve policy of extremely low rates at which money was borrowed by purchasing billions of dollars of subprime mortgage loans. These were most likely bought from nonbank mortgage companies, which borrowed money from companies like Lehman in order to make loans and quickly resell them to Wall Street. Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers almost monopolised this market as other players like Merrill Lynch were late arrivals to the highly leveraged/risky subprime lending and securitizing business. Lehman offered bulk loans to nonbank lenders, also purchasing mortgage products and then turning them into Asset Backed Securities (ABS), and then selling these bonds to end investors basically made up of the insurance companies, Hedge Funds, Pension Funds, Local Governments and foreign banks. The Securities and Exchange Commission escalated the already worsening economic situation in 2004 by encouraging these investment banks through the relaxation of the pre-existing limits on leverage. Expectedly, the leverage ratios of the five largest independent investments banks hit the rooftop (Labaton, 2008). Lehmans greedy internal financial policy did not help matters at all, as it offered potentially dangerous leverage ratios as much as 30:1, asset-to-equity ratio (Table 6, see appendix 2). Given this scenario, any 3% drop in value of assets completely blows out the entire value of equity thus rendering the company bankrupt. Nevertheless, Lehman grew rapidly, playing a dominant role in the securitisation market and the leveraged lending businesses posting quarter after quarter of record earnings from 2004 to 2007. Even after the economy had recovered, the U.S Fed notoriously kept interest rates low which made mortgage payments even cheaper and affordable thus greatly reducing the likelihood of defaults to barest minimum. Therefore, demand for homes began to escalate, sending prices up. In addition, millions of homeowners seized the opportunity of rate drops to refinance their existing mortgages. As the industry became saturated (as virtually everybody now owned a home), coupled with the never-ending competitive rivalry among lenders, the quality of the mortgages went down resulting in the erosion of underwriting standards. For the fear of inflation due to excess liquidity in the markets, Fed started increasing interest rates which eventually made mortgages already owned, worth less than the amount for which they were initially purchased due to higher payments. This sent widespread panic across all stakeholders which to loss of confidence and trust in financial markets leading to mortgage defaults and subsequent foreclosures. With this ugly scenario playing out, coupled with the Lehmans increasing inability of meeting its debt obligations, investors lost confidence in its stocks resulting to bankruptcy with about $613 billion in debt. Socio-cultural: These are factors such as behaviours, beliefs, values, demographic trends as they affect organization. A majority of Lehmans workforce belong to the generation Y. Generation Y are generally lifestyle oriented, tech-savvy, ambitious, impatient, etc. Because they generally flock to where the money is, Lehmans top management continued to do everything in its power to retain its best brains. With the continuous availability of low interest funds, change in consumer taste became the norm. An individual who otherwise wouldnt have been able to afford a house now had access to owning more than one house. This made the public adopt the culture tending towards investment rather than consumerism which affected other real sectors of the economy. This change in consumer taste favoured Lehman initially because of increase in mortgage demands. Soon Lehman had no borrowers for its mortgage products because everybody now had a house; and with the increase in interest rates, foreclosures became appare nt because the real weak financial status of its borrowers became obvious. Technological: Advancement in technology played a very double-edged sword role at Lehman Brothers. It brought about drastic reduction in the cost of creating mortgages. The growth of the internet coupled with easier availability of information about potential borrowers by the simple click of the mouse button, encouraged it to rely more heavily on convenient sources of information, such as credit scores and ratings, rather than on the more labour intensive time tested methods. It also made searching for a new set of borrowers easier and less costly, mortgage offerings using bulk email sending tools. On the other hand, these innovations created what economists call an agency problem. Since the mortgage originator was no longer going to hold the mortgage to maturity, but rather was going to immediately sell it to a securities firm and collect its fees upfront, it did not have a strong inclination to conduct a thorough appraisal of the loan. 2.2 The Internal Environment The internal environment of any organization basically symbolizes its culture, personality, commonly shared values and beliefs (Robbins S., et al, 2006). Companies will react to same circumstances differently due to the differing cultures that distinguish them. Furthermore, an organizations internal strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threat, SWOT can play a vital role in its success or failure. 2.2.1 Lehmans Culture Lehmans CEO, Mr Richard Fuld in my opinion is viewed as an omnipotent leader because he single-handedly turned the fortunes of the company around when he assumed office in 1994. He ran the organization like a warfront where he enshrined a very strong culture amongst his subjects. His colleagues even nicknamed him Gorilla because of his imposing stature on the firm as nobody not even outsiders dared challenge his ideas, policies and decisions. This behaviour was not unexpected because Lehman has had a long history of hostilities, in-fighting and coup de tat within its ranks which had cost it its independence in 1984. Since we already know that the internal environment of an organisation is all about its culture, behaviour and reaction as to how it sees the external environment. For the scope of this report, we may not dwell so much on the positive culture of Lehman rather we shall take a critical look at how its culture might have played a role directly or indirectly in its demise using the seven dimensions of culture. Usually, attention to details is very much of required skill financial institutions must possess. But due to the competitive landscape and greed on the part of senior management, ethical details were ignored regarding the type of mortgage loans that were issued. Background checks werent performed to determine the credit worthiness of its mortgage borrowers Innovation and Risk tolerance X High innovation/High risk tolerance culture as evidenced in their highly leveraged mortgage securities offering which came through several complex financial innovative packages Outcome orientation X -Outcomes/result-oriented culture that focuses more on results rather than how they were achieved. This attitude made it lose sight on the illiquidity of the market during the impending crisis because of blind greed Short term performance reward culture throughout the firm not minding if these loans would survive in the long term or not Stability X Very strong/stable culture of lets maintain the status quo which resulted in their inability to adapt to the current financial situations. People orientation X -Poor and ineffective communication culture from top management to the bottom. Senior execs never took feedbacks from employees in the field seriously While senior management compensated themselves with cash bonuses, other employees were issued bonuses mainly in stock options and bonds. Lack of recognition for outstanding performance especially if it came from a lower employee A culture of lack of transparency among the senior executives. They never communicated the true nature of their liquidity to their employees and other stakeholders Aggressiveness X Overly aggressive culture in which they tried to bully, manipulate and outsmart the market but got their fingers burnt. Team orientation X Non collaborative competitions which dampened employee morale. The atmosphere was like that of a collegiate, people formed cliques and cartels. There was teamwork, but competition was basically on a personal level because of rewards that may accrue from individual performance The above listed cultural adoptions by Lehman went a long way in tarnishing their image before its global stakeholders which made it difficult for it to be trusted and rescued when its state of insolvency became apparent. Table 2.0 2.2.2 SWOT Analysis of Lehman Brothers SWOT DESCRIPTION Strengths -Lehman has a robust financial base with liquidity in excess of $42 billion as at Aug., 2008 which is capable of withstanding severe financial stresses (Scott S., Tanya A., 2008). It also has a strong franchise across its core investment banking, trading, and investment management businesses. Cutting-edge IT infrastructure is one of Lehmans strengths which it exploited maximally in the acquisition of customers more efficiently (see PEST analysis). Strong knowledgeable and skilled workforce Strong culture which is one of team-work, collaboration and knowledge sharing as evidenced by the rotation of workers around departments at least every two years Weaknesses -Poor managerial decisions which led to the inability or otherwise outright refusal to see the financial dangers coming. -Poor risk management and internal controls which led to its finances being exposed to risk of been wiped out within days. Strong culture which resulted in sluggish adaptability to the changing financial situations within and without the organization. Opportunities -The U.S Federal Treasury kept interest rates low for prolonged periods which made mortgage acquisition/repayments even cheaper and affordable which increased the patronage that accrued to investment banks, Lehman Brothers inclusive. Securities and Exchange Commission relaxed limits of financial leverage which gifted Lehman with the opportunity to offer more highly leveraged mortgage backed securities to its investors. But these seeming good opportunities turned out to be a curse in disguise. Threats Stiff competition coming from Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, and Merrill Lynch in the hunt for new mortgage clients leading to the drastic reduction in the quality of mortgage instruments issued. More and more leverage was issued in other to remain competitive and remain profitable. The worst threat came from the Federal government backed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which had exclusive access to government subsidy (very low interest rate loans) making them issue the lowest rate mortgages thereby dominating the mortgage market. This then forced other players to issue even lower rates in order to stay in business. -Short selling of its stocks by brokers on the floor of the exchange which made the value fall freely thereby escalating investor anxiety resulting in loss of confidence. Negative market sentiments concerning its likely collapse due the earlier collapse of Bear Stearns, bailouts of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Summary of the SWOT Analysis No doubt, Lehman is an indeed very large bank. With its robust financial war chest, experienced/diverse workforce and cutting-edge IT/IS at its disposal, it still went under. Lehman failed to utilize its strengths/opportunities to strategic advantage. Stiff competition, financial regulation laxity as well as poor management made it issue highly leveraged risky Mortgage Backed Securities, MBS which eventually wiped out its liquidity due to massive defaults in mortgage repayments which came as a result of increased interest rates to checkmate rising inflation. PART B 3.0 MANAGERIAL ETHICS These are laid down standards of conducts or moral judgements used in the discharge of business. More importantly, it refers to the rules and principles that define right and wrong conduct. It is the ultimate duty of the manager to effectively communicate and implement ethical issues within an organization. Lehman Brothers adopted the utilitarian view of ethics, in which decisions were made based on outcomes and/or consequences. They concerned themselves with making enough profits to satisfy the greedy yearnings of the top few at the top hierarchy of management not minding if their activities were detrimental to the welfare of others. This was clearly seen in the way mind boggling bonuses was dished out to the CEO, Mr. Fuld and other top management executives. According to Mr. Fulds report to the Federal Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, over $30 million was paid to him as bonuses. He also claimed that during the fruitful years, 2004-2007, an astonishing $16 billion was disbursed as bonuses out of which he alone grossed over $260 million. Below is a table showing a list of variables as they affect Lehmans ability to behave the way it did. Table 3.0 3.1 Factors affecting Lehmans ethical behaviour Factors affecting Managerial Ethics Comments State of moral development (managers) Since the ethical behaviour of managers is the single most vital factor that influences employee decisions (Robbins S., et al, 2006), we shall focus on the state of moral development of Lehmans CEO, Mr Fuld R. He operated at the preconventional level since his actions (selling highly leveraged Mortgage Backed Securities at all cost) were hugely inclined to the rewards and bonuses he and his cronies would get. Personality/Values (ego strength/locus of control) Values which represent personal convictions of what is right and wrong (Robbins S., et al, 2006) go a long way in influencing ethical behaviour. Mr Fuld has a very strong personality (ego strength) always believing that whatever he does is the right thing. Even at the collapse of Lehman, he never accepted responsibility for his actions and/or inactions. When he was alerted about what financial crisis they were in, by an insider, he waved it off. He also believes he has the ultimate power to control both his destiny as well as that of others (internal locus of control) Organizational Culture/Design -For the fact that Mr. Fuld took Lehman from rag to riches, he was seen as a demigod who was above the law. Hence, he was not subject to the organizations code of ethics and conduct. The organizational design/structure adopted a Top-Bottom management style of leadership. It enshrined a strong master-subordinate relationship which stifled information and knowledge sharing as no employee dare alert top management on their wrongly adopted strategies Lehmans culture is such that encouraged risk taking and constant innovation which later proved to be its undoing. The emphasis on individual achievement above group/team achievement encouraged employees as well as management to go extra lengths even if its unethical to perform e.g. the more mortgage clients you get, the more your bonus and recognition which was further boosted by its culture of short-term performance appraisals. Issue Intensity Greatness of harm: Lehman brothers never believed their actions (highly leveraged MBS) would have deleterious effects on its overall stakeholders after all, it believed its investors had being hedged against dangers through the Credit Default Swaps, CDS being issued by American Insurance Group, AIG -Consensus of wrong: Nobody dared oppose Mr. Fulds decisions, the very few that did were summarily sacked. So there was no basis for consensus of wrong here. -Probability of harm: Lehman believed the probability of foreclosures was minimal because of the seemingly prolonged low interests rates which created a lot of liquidity in the economy Immediacy of consequences: Mr. Fuld in his opinion believed that even if theres an eventuality of foreclosures, economic downturn and/or write downs, it would be for a short while because historically crises does occur every few years and the markets would always heal itself -Proximity to victims: Lehman pushed its mortgage customers far off using its distanced subsidiary, Aurora Loan Services as the issuer of its mortgages. This, it used to distance itself from its customers. By so doing, most people never knew the subprime mortgages were being offered by Lehman in order to maintain a clean public image and avoid responsibility for any untoward adverse effects of its unethical actions -Concentration of effect: Lehman ignored how concentrated the effect of foreclosures that would arise from its subprime mortgage sales would have on the national as well as global economy. They failed to see the broader picture of a likely global economic downturn. That necessitated their continuous unethical/risky financial actions. Conclusion Mr. Fuld of Lehman Brothers acted unethically in most of his decisions From the complex interplay of several factors that affected Lehmans unethical behaviour in the table above, we shall take a closer look at some of the ethical issues faced at Lehman Brothers below with a view to comparing opposing views on their conducts. Table 4.0 Opposing arguments concerning Lehmans managerial ethical decisions. Ethical issues Arguments for Arguments against Sale of risky/highly leveraged Mortgage Backed Securities Small percentage appreciation in value can translate to explosive profits for its balance sheet and investors alike Little decrease in value potentially wipes out the entire credit of the company rendering it insolvent. It is unethical to use investors hard earned monies to venture into greedy and risky ventures under whatsoever guise. Constant financial products reengineering and innovation This creates potential attraction for new customers as well as retaining the existing ones Causes confusion as to the understanding of the potential risks these products- offers portends. Unscrupulous bulking or bundling of mortgages This otherwise smart strategy helps to dilute the toxic effect of under-performing mortgage securities by lumping them with the good ones thereby creating a positive appearance leading to AAA ratings by rating agencies This strategy deceived many investors by underplaying the actual value and safety of their stock holdings leading them to be taking by surprise when their stocks became worthless Generating mortgage demands; packaging them, and then reselling them back to Wall Street and the investing public for large profits when in reality, there werent real buyers for them This was a way to create profits out of nothing This is an unethical attempt to manipulate the natural forces of demand and supply. Hiding behind their phony subsidiary, Aurora Loan Services to propagate falsehood contributed to the housing market bubble burst when it became evident there was no more demand for these mortgages Underwriting loans to questionable lenders e.g. FAMCO, Delta Funding Corp., etc and assisting them in cheating borrowers thereby violating consumer protection laws (Graham R., 2008, see bibliography) NA This led to widespread erosion of global investor and public confidence in the company which further contributed in its bankruptcy. Mr Fulds non-equity incentives were astronomical exceeding the 85th percentile. Furthermore, his bonuses grossly exceeded the normal industry average of bonus= base salary x Two. Mr. Fulds bonuses were five times his base salary (Nell M., 2008, see bibliography) NA This compensation practice doesnt align in favour of shareholder interests PART C 4.0 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY This is a broad term which is used to describe an organizations business activities as it affects the well-being of its stakeholders- customers, investors, employees, communities and the environment within which it operates. It is the justifiable ethical standard for which all of an organizations operational activities are measured (Davidson, P. Griffin, R, 2005). Achieving financial success in a manner that honours ethical values and respect people, communities, and the local environment is what defines CSR. An effective CSR program is one that is not mainly based on philanthropy or goodwill but rather on creating productive relationships with stakeholders who represent various social, financial and environmental concerns. Lehman Brothers adopted the hand of management approach to CSR in which it strongly believes in the advancement of its corporate economic interests as well as the protection and enhancement of the quality of life of its stakeholders. The conscience and practise of an organizations management is often a subject of frequent debate globally. Is it compulsory that an organisation must protect and improve the welfare of its specific and remote stakeholders? Well, the scope of this report is not to argue in favour of or against this motion but to analyse where Lehman got it wrong as regards to CSR. Lehman engaged in several philanthropic (socially responsive) activities all over the world where they had their businesses. Lehmans CSR spanned through the economic and legal levels terminating at the ethical level. Lehman used its philanthropy to avoid legal actions both from the government and its stakeholders while making sure its activities stayed within the ambit of the law. It engaged in philanthropy (in a socially responsive way) in my opinion because it did what it did just to create more global awareness (Public Relations for financial gains) (economic CSR) as well as to fulfil the general expectations society members place on corporations (ethical CSR). See Bibliography (URL link) for comprehensive details of their charity works. Corporate Social Responsibility goes beyond just philanthropy. CSR means accountability towards a firms various stakeholders e.g.: shareholders, employees, customers, local and international communities, etc. Unfortunately, Lehman and Bear Stearns produced no CSR report of any s

Dealing With Video Games’ Problems Essay

In present-day society, with the Internet technologies developing rapidly, video games have assumed an increasingly crucial role in people’s lives. Admittedly, video games may attract lots of people, and gaming industry has achieved a good success. However, there are many problems with video games such as game addiction of China’s youth and the utilitarian behaviors of the game companies so that it is important to reinforce the regulation of video games. The most severe problem caused by video games is gaming addiction, especially for China’s youth. â€Å"The youth of China are the most plugged-in, an alarming statistics shows that 42% report feeling addicted to the video games, according to Dr. Tao, who set up China’s first Internet addiction clinic at the Military General Hospital in Beijing† (Dubois). Addiction is an appropriate word to describe those game players who immerse themselves in the virtual world of video games and cannot control themselves. â€Å"Long-term Internet addiction would result in brain structural alterations, which probably contributed to chronic dysfunction† (Dubois). â€Å"People’s Daily reported a 14-year-old boy who died after a four storey fall due to hallucinations brought on by his obsession with the popular video game Legend.† (Dubois). Also, other similar tragedies happened because of the addiction. According to China Daily and The Guardian, two Chinese teen agers from different places committed suicide by  jumping from buildings after playing World of War Craft (WOW) for dozens of hours (Dubois). Therefore, it is apparent from these facts that China is facing a problem of gaming addiction. Moreover, the problems are also caused by the utilitarian gaming industry. Game companies are utilitarian that they do not consider the effect that their games will bring to the players but just care about their profit. To attract more kids, â€Å"Game console sell gift cards at convenience stores that allow kids to make purchases on video games, even if they don’t have a credit card† (Henn 4). This will make some kids play video games without their parents’ permission and may even cause addiction and family conflicts. Henn states â€Å"Researchers in game companies tweak games to get players to stay on longer, or to encourage them to spent money on digital goods† (2) and â€Å"the idea is to make gamers uncomfortable, frustrate them, take away their powers, crush their forts—and then, at the last second, offer them a way out for a price† (3). Young players may not have ability to make money, but they spend more and more â€Å"virtual curren cy (paid for with real cash)† (Clendenin) to get the latest and best virtual gaming equipment, which may even cause crimes. People’s Daily reported that a 19-year-old college student stole 20,000 RMB at school in order to pay for the expensive virtual commodities in his favorite video game. Thus, unethical behaviors of gaming industry are also serious problems to solve. Regulations on video games may help to alleviate the severe situation. But to eradicate these problems, the Chinese government must have regulations that are powerful enough. Although the Chinese government has already built up some regulations on video games, these regulations may be not sufficient. In April 2007, the Chinese government introduced  some regulations to deal with such situation. It introduced an anti-addiction system that required the players register with their real name and ID number and will limit the time players spend in their virtual world (Clendenin). â€Å"There is also a total ban on minors handling virtual currency, used by many online games† (Clendenin). The system indeed prevents players from overindulging in online games to some extent. However, the system is not as effective as expected since players just turn to other games after limited hours or they use fake registration information and change it frequently. Meanwhile, the game companies, which depend so much on video games for profit, will also invent more â€Å"countermeasures to cope with these regulations†(Clendenin). So if these regulations have no supporting measures, they may well become an ineffective attempt to solve these complicated issues. Hence, in order to eradicate the problems caused by video games, the Chinese government should have more powerful regulations on video games. To sum up, video games now indeed have caused serious problems for China’s youth. After knowing the reasons for the problems, to deal with such situation, reinforcing the regulation of video games is essential to help solve the rigorous problems in China. Works Cited â€Å"Multitasking After 60: Video Game Boosts Focus, Mental Agility.† Shots. Writ. Jon Hamilton. NPR, 4 Sept. 2013. Radio. â€Å"Video Game Creators Are Using Apps To Teach Empathy.† All Tech Consider. Writ. Steven Henn. NPR, 20 Nov. 2013. Radio â€Å"How Video Games Are Getting Inside Your Head—And Wallet.† All Tech Consider. Writ. Steven Henn. NPR, 29 Oct. 2013. Radio Zhang, Zeoy. â€Å"Has China’s Online Gaming Addiction Become an Epidemic?† The Diplomat. The Diplomat, 4 Oct. 2013. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. Clendenin, Mike. â€Å"China Tightens Online Gaming Regulations.† InformationWeek. N. p., 25 June 2010. Web. 20 Mar 2014 Dubois, Matthew. â€Å"Log in, sign out.† The World of Chinese. N. p., 9 Mar 2013. Web. 20 Mar 2014

The Admissions Essay Samples Diaries

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Unique things to various folks, since the situation demanded. One of my favourite things about writing is that there isn't any correct or wrong answer. Sharing a personal story that's related to the prompt is a superb means to produce your essay stick out from the crowd. Let's say your topic is to explore an extracurricular activity that has played a massive influence on your life.

Definition of Armature - Art History Glossary

(noun) - In art, an armature is an underlying, unseen, supporting component (usually of wood or metal) for something else. Armatures are useful in sculpture, lost-wax casting (to help make the initial model three-dimensional) and even stop-motion animation puppets. Think of the chicken wire frame upon which plaster or papier mache strips are affixed in a sculpture, to get a mental visual. An even more dramatic example, designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, is the iron armature inside Frà ©dà ©ric Auguste Bartholdis Statue of Liberty. Pronunciation arm ·a ·chur Common Misspellings amature, armeture Examples When this armature has been fixed, the artificer begins to take some fine earth, beaten together with horse dung and hair, as I said, and carefully lays a very thin coating all over which he allows to dry, and so on time after time with other coatings, always allowing each to dry until the figure becomes covered with earth raised to the thickness of half a span at the most. —Vasari on Technique (1907 trans.); pp. 160-161.

Isaiah And The Redemption Of Israel Essay - 1790 Words

Isaiah and the Redemption of Israel Although some might argue that the Christian faith’s start began as young Jesus of Nazareth was born, many accounts in the Old Testament say otherwise. The story of Christ was seen as a fulfillment of a story that the people of Israel had shared for generations. Besides the Book of Psalms, no Old Testament book alludes more to the coming of the Savior, the Son of God, than the book of Isaiah. The book of Isaiah combines all elements of the coming Messiah in his glory and agony, all of which was prophesied more than 700 years before his coming. The book of Isaiah was named after the prophet who we learn, in chapter 1, was the son of Amoz and was born around 773 BCE. In addition to his prophesies regarding the Messiah, Isaiah prophesied and wrote about the destruction and redemption of Israel, which would play an integral part in his book. When Christ visited the Nephites in the records of the Book of Mormon, he spoke a great deal quoting the words of Isaiah as he told the peopl e in 3 Nephi chapter 20 that, the words of Isaiah would be fulfilled as Heavenly Father would gather his people and restore, redeem His covenant people of Israel. So why was there even a need for the redemption? What sins led the house of Israel for the need for a redemption? And what will the result of that redemption be? The book of Isaiah begins not with words of hope, consolation, or compassion but with a harsh rebuke of the people as well as a call to repentance.Show MoreRelatedThe Main Themes Of Isaiah And Jeremiah892 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 12 The purpose of this paper is to highlight the main themes of Isaiah and Jeremiah. The main themes of Isaiah are: (1) Son’s Names as Signs. (2) Servant. (3) Holy One of Israel. (4) Redeemer. (5) Eschatology. The main themes of Jeremiah are: (1) God’s Policy with Nations. (2) New Covenant. (3) False Prophets. Isaiah: Isaiah’s own children’s names were prophetically significant, meaning that these names highlighted the short and long-term agenda God had in place even at its foundationRead MoreOld Testament Book Summaries Essay861 Words   |  4 Pages November 15, 2011 Summary of the books of the Old Testament Books Leviticus The genre of this book is law and it was written by Moses, although it is believed that Joshua reported on his death. The key themes include God’s covenant with Israel, instructions on the early Israelite religion, instructions on the sacrificial system, holiness, cleanliness and the priesthood. God had intervened and delivered the people from slavery and was now establishing his expectations for their behaviorRead MoreOld Testament Exegetical Paper Ââ€" Isaiah 621683 Words   |  7 PagesThe prophet Isaiah lived in the Southern Kingdom of Judah in the 3rd century B.C. He had a reputation as an uncompromising prophet who did not soften his words of condemnation and urge to make changes (Stafford 616). The nation of Judah stood in a precarious position: the wickedness of the people, the civil war which divided the Israelites into two kingdoms of Judah and Israel, the neighboring countries which stood by, threatening war and the dilemma that faced the leaders about whether or not theyRead MoreThe Testament Of Isaiah And Isaiah993 Words   |  4 Pagesplan to bring His people back to Him. Often the people of Israel would fall away from their relationship with God by worshipping false Idols such as Baal or by disobeying His commands in general. One of the main ways God got his message of redemption to His people was via prophets, spiritually gifted individuals that God lifted up to communicate His will to the people of Israel. The prophets Jeremiah and Isaiah often were used to call Israel out on their wickedness, and to warn then of God’s comingRead MoreProphet Research Form : Micah1180 Words   |  5 PagesProphet Research Form: Micah A. Settings 1. Political Situation – Micah prophesies during three kings of Judah; Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah., circa 740 BCE. Isaiah also prophesied in Judah during this period. Micah did not belong to the Jerusalem elite and as an oracle of YHWH he spoke of Israel’s religious sins. Micah viewed Jerusalem as morally corrupt where the rulers abused the downtrodden (not much has changed). He proclaims the end of Jerusalem because of the open market, (socialism was aRead MoreWhen The Kings Come Marching1672 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book When the Kings Come Marching In, theologian, Richard J. Mouw goes into depth about the â€Å"transformed City† that Isaiah envisions at the end of history (Isaiah 60). Our society believes that â€Å"Christ and Culture† are in conflict with one another, but Mouw disagrees with this statement and proposes that the problem is how humans have distorted culture. Mouw goes on and suggests that heaven is and will be a renewed creation th at includes embodied existence on earth rather than a spiritualRead MoreProphet Isaiah6790 Words   |  28 Pagesthemes in the prophesy of Isaiah | | |TABLE OF CONTENTS | |INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 | |REDEMPTION FROM BANYLON†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreProphet Isaiah6780 Words   |  28 Pagesthemes in the prophesy of Isaiah | | |TABLE OF CONTENTS | |INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 | |REDEMPTION FROM BANYLON†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Jewish People Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesPre-Messianic period, meaning the Messiah has yet to come. In this period, God will bring about redemption in His own time. The Jews believe that if all of Israel were to return to God, the Messiah would come and the final redemption would be immediate. According to the Biblical text, there are many prophecies that must come to past before redemption occurs. A few of these prophetic signs concerning Israel have already been fulfilled. For instance, the dispersion and regathering of the Jews was prophesiedRead MoreAntwan Bradley . Professor Black. Bi342 . 24 February 2017.1580 Words   |  7 PagesBradley Professor Black BI342 24 February 2017 Critical Reflection In the book Encountering the book of Isaiah Beyer had listed five major themes for the book of Isaiah. Some are more in depth than the others but all of them get the point across that is needed to be stated. These five themes are the remnant, the sovereignty of God, the servant, the Holy one of Israel, and the Messiah. For the first theme it seems as it is all about the remnant. The term remnant means remainder

Social Media Free Essays

Choose a topic of research, develop the objectives of study (not less than 4 objectives), develop research questions, develop hypothesis, and state the purpose of the study, importance, scope, assumptions, and limitations of the study. Topic: Effects and impacts of social media on youth in the society today. Objectives: * To investigate the effect of social media on youth development. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now * To examine the relationship between the social media and youth performance in higher learning institutions. To establish the relationship between social media and youth employment opportunities. * To determine the relationship between social media and drug abuse among the youth in the society. Research questions * What do you understand by the term social media and list examples of social media you know? * How do the youths use the social media? * How are online users experiencing privacy issues on social networking sites? * What is the extent of usage of social media among university students? Is there a relationship between extent of usage of social media and communication with family and friends? * Is there a relationship between self-concept of university students and their use of social media? * To what extent should the social media be used in higher learning institutions? * In your opinion what skills do the youth learn from social media? * Do social media promote employmen t of youth in the society? * In what ways does it promote employment opportunities? * What are the effects of social media on the youth at the work place? Do social media promote drug abuse amongst the youth in the society? Hypothesis In a society where youth have access to social media will tend to perform well academically, economically and socially than those that has limited access to social media. Purpose of the study The purpose of the proposed exploratory quantitative study is to determine what the effects of youth interacting using social media are on the society as a whole. Importance of the study * It will enable in planning on the requirements of social media in the society. Enable promote the use of social media amongst the youth. * It will enable determine regulations to put in place to limit the extent of social media by the youth. * It will assist in determining the benefits of social media on the society. * It will assist in determining the relationship of social med ia and drug abuse among the youth in the society. Scope of the study * The use of social media by the youth in the society and its impacts. Assumptions of the study * The effects of social media on the youth have direct impact to the society. The youth are actively involved in the use of social media. * The use of drugs in the society can directly be linked to use of social media. Limitations of the study * Incorrect data and responses given in the questionnaires. * Lack of adequate sample size of collecting data. * Influence of the youth by organisation advocating for use of social media. KENYATTA UNIVERSITY BMS 305 ASSIGNMENT NAME: MUTHOMI TIMAN MWENDA REG NO:D33S/CTY/PT/13623/2011 DUE ON 19TH February 2013 How to cite Social Media, Essay examples Social media Free Essays All three articles promote the concept of using social media to build and maintain relationships with the public. In the state of emergency all three highlight the significance of social media networks because they allow for Instant communication between lost family members, volunteers and emergency services. Article 1 concludes that companies that are active on social media need to follow 3 strategies: disclosure or openness, Information delimitation and Interactivity and Involvement (Men Tsar 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Social media or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both Article 1 and 3 both underline poor use of social medals attention and recommended online Interaction through two-way communication, which Includes replying or acknowledging user posts and comments, and posting content for entertainment purposes rather than just promotion. Article 2 showcases how organizations can better use social media platforms to interact and build relationships with their publics. The studies in all three articles reveal that overall the Chinese level of engagement with corporate social network sites was rated at the medium level because users on Render (Chinese social media site) viewed social Edie as a platform to ask enquiries not Just view marketing and promotion material. 3) The common theme found in the research surrounding ‘social media’ is its rapid transformation over the past ten years and how its use can go beyond its original intention. Backbone, was referred to at the time as a college version of Friends (DRP. Curtis 2013). Backbone and Twitter have developed new features to companies to stay relevant in the new digital age. Social media has changed communication channels and mediums over the last 10 years (Pashas 2013). All of the articles display the significance of creating a ‘sense of community belonging and affiliation’ because social media connects and engages people from the comfort of their own home. However, our group learnt that organizations do not utilize social media to its best potential in relation to creating user to company relationships. As seen in the additional two articles ‘Moms for Blobbing’ (source 1) and ‘China’s Social Medal Fuel Citizen Quake Response’ (source 2), social media Is connecting societies and communities around the world. As seen In source 2 the ability of civil society groups o coordinate a relief effort were â€Å"enhanced by Sins Hello, the Twitter-Like microbiology that did not exist in 2008 but now has more than 500 million users â€Å"(c)level society Is much more capable today compared to 2008,† (Levin 2013). All five articles and additional research highlight the evolution of social prom has the ability to influence people’s attitudes and behaviors. 4) When it comes to social media and public relations the ability to form, build and maintain affiliations is a pivotal factor and will assist an organization to attain positive public relationships. As Ferguson stated ‘relationships – not the organization, nor the public, nor the communication process – should be the unit of study in public relations (Manager 2012). Therefore the relationship theory, which focuses on public relationships, is proposed by a number of scholars. As recommended in all the supporting articles time invested [in creating and maintaining relationships] makes a difference’ (Sterner 2012). The relationship theory best demonstrates the conclusions of all articles because it supports the concept of developing ‘a social Edie strategy to grow virtual communities with stakeholders’ (Lovely, Waters Sexton 2012). It also promotes effectively building and maintaining relationships between the organization and the publics. However as illustrated in the articles 1, 2 and 3, the effective execution of this may be limited due to ‘cognitive dissonance’ through the instruction received on application of social media. The notion of organizational public relationships as core to public relations is the focus of scholars Burning and Laddering (2000, p. 9) who state that, â€Å"the purpose and direction of an organization (its mission) is affected by relationships with key constituents (publics) in the organizational environment†. The emergence of social media has altered public communication and interaction from human-tachometer to human-to-human and human-to-content. The excellence theory provides a rich and abundance body of knowledge in public relations and a key finding in the study found that PR is a â€Å"unique management function that helps an organization interact with the social and political components of its environment† (des Chic,J Snotty, G 2009). How to cite Social media, Papers

Food Hygiene Sanitation free essay sample

Only without oxygen at an ideal temperature 43? C c. Only with oxygen at an ideal temperature of 43? C d. Only without oxygen at an ideal temperature of 39? C 7. Which of the following groups of hazards are most likely to cause a foodborne disease outbreak? a. Bacteria and viruses b. Parasites and molds c. Vibrio spp. and Shigella spp. d. Chemical and physical hazards 8. Bacteria grow best within a narrow temperature range called the temperature danger zone. The temperature danger zone is between: a. -18? C and 104? C b. -8? C and 65? C c. 5? C and 60? C d. 5? C and 100? C . Bacteria that cause foodborne illness will only grow on foods that have pH at _____ or above and a water activity (AW) above____. a. 3. 2; 0. 85 b. 4. 6; 0. 85 c. 6. 5; 0. 80 d. 8. 0; 0. 75 10. Which of the following bacteria produce a toxin that is more likely to cause death if consumed? a. Campylobacter jejuni b. Clostridium botulinum c. Shiga-toxin producing Escheria coli d. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Hygiene Sanitation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Listeria monocytogenes 11. Some bacteria form spores to help them: a. Reproduce b. Move easily from one location to another c. Survive adverse environmental conditions d. Grow in high acidic foods 12. Which of the following is a histamine poisoning? a. Ciguatoxin b. Scombrotoxin c. Mycotoxin d. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 13. Which of the following is not considered a potentially hazardous food group? a. Red meats b. Fish and shellfish c. Poultry and eggs d. Dried grains and spices 14. The most effective way to control the growth of bacteria in a food establishment is by controlling: a. Time and temperature b. pH and oxygen conditions c. Temperature and water activity d. Time and food availability 15. Food borne illness can caused by: a. Poor personal hygiene b. Cross contamination c. Temperature abuse d. All the above 16. Regarding food thermometers, which statement is false? a. Be calibrated b. Measure temperatures between 5? C and 57? C c. Measure temperatures between -18? C and 104? C d. Be approved for use in foods 17. Good personal hygiene includes a. Using hand sanitizers instead of washing hand b. Keeping hands and clothes clean and sanitary c. Wearing attractive uniforms d. Cleaning and sanitizing food-contact surfaces 18. Cross contamination is a term used to describe the transfer of a foodborne hazard from 1 food to another: a. By a food worker’s hand b. From a cutting board c. From a knife blade d. All of the above 19. After proper cooking, all foods that are to be held hot must be held at: a. 74? C or above b. 57? C or above c. Room temperature until served d. 49? C or above 20. Food workers should wash their hands after which of the following? a. Taking out the trash b. Touching their faces c. Handling raw food d. All of the above Section B (10 marks) Answer either True/ False. 1. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System is only used to monitor food processing in manufacturing plants. () 2. Certification of food protection managers and workers refers to screening done for health problems. () 3. The term food establishment includes any site where food is processed, prepared, sold or served. () 4. Bacteria and viruses cause most foodborne illness. () 5. One of the potentially hazardous food is cut melons. () 6. There are two types of bacteria that are spore forming and non-spore forming. () 7. Clostridium botulinum cannot cause death. () 8. E. Coli can be found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. () 9. Prevention of cross contamination can be done by keeping raw food and ready-to-eat food together during storage. ) 10. Bacteria take 25 minutes to multiply. () Section C (20 marks) Briefly explain on each answer. 1.